大師巴菲特有個重要的投資策略,就是集中投資,他絕大多數(shù)的資產(chǎn)都是從為數(shù)不多的幾只股票上獲得的。他老人家也有一句著名的話被經(jīng)常引用來反對分散投資和投資組合。這就是“分散投資是無知者的自我保護法,但對于那些明白自己在干什么的人來說,分散投資是沒什么意義的。Diversification is a protection against ignorance ,but it makes very little sense for those who know what they are doing.”
我試圖去查證巴老的這句話的出處,但沒有找到原文,據(jù)說是在1998年的伯克夏股東大會上說的,但并不是在著名的“1998年致股東的信”中。
不過我卻從他1993年致股東的信中找到了他完整的對分散投資和集中投資的觀點的描述:
“當然,有些投資策略,例如我們從事多年的套利活動,就必須將風(fēng)險分散,若是單一交易的風(fēng)險過高,就比須將資源分散到幾個各自獨立的個案之上,如此一來,雖然每個個案都有可能導(dǎo)致?lián)p失或傷害,但只要你確信每個獨立的個案經(jīng)過機率的加權(quán)平均能夠讓你獲致滿意的報酬就行了,許多創(chuàng)業(yè)投資者用的就是這種方法,若是你也打算這樣做的話,記得采取與賭場老板搞輪盤游戲同樣的心態(tài),那就是鼓勵大家持續(xù)不斷的下注,因為長期而言,機率對莊家有利,但千萬要拒絕單一一次的大賭注。
另外一種需要分散風(fēng)險的特殊情況是,當投資人并沒有對任何單一產(chǎn)業(yè)有特別的熟悉,不過他卻對美國整體產(chǎn)業(yè)前景有信心,則這類的投資人應(yīng)該分散持有許多公司的股份,同時將買入期間隔開,例如,透過定期投資指數(shù)基金,一個什么都不懂的投資人通常都能打敗大部分的專業(yè)經(jīng)理人。很奇怪的是,當“愚昧”的金錢承認了自己的局限后,它就不再“愚昧”了。
另一方面,若是你是學(xué)有專長(Know-something)的投資人,能夠了解產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟的話,應(yīng)該就能夠找出五到十家股價合理并享有長期競爭優(yōu)勢的公司,此時一般分散風(fēng)險的理論對你來說就一點意義也沒有,要是那樣做反而會傷害到你的投資成果并增加你的風(fēng)險,我實在不了解那些投資人為什么要把錢擺在他排名第20的股票上,而不是把錢集中在排名最前面,最熟悉了解同時風(fēng)險最小,獲利可能最大的投資之上,或許這就是先知梅西衛(wèi)斯特所說的,「好事物越多,就越完美」。”
上面三段中頭兩段講的是分散投資,后一段是講集中的投資。老實說,我在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上或者雜志上看到大量引用的最后一段,但卻沒有看到過前面兩段。
從第一段上,我們可以看到巴老同樣認為分散投資可以分散風(fēng)險,同時也告誡大家不要一次性的“豪賭”一把。
從第二段上更清楚地看到,對于非專業(yè)人士,分散投資是巴老推薦的方法。也就是用不“愚昧”的方式去賺取所謂的“愚昧”的金錢。
第三段,巴老最推崇的集中投資方式其實是對專業(yè)投資人說的。對那些真正能看清市場和股票的投資家或者說投資大師說的。
OK,你我是投資專業(yè)人士嗎?你我是大師嗎? 如果答案是否定的,那我們該遵從巴老的那條建議呢?
其實巴老并不是一開始他的投資事業(yè),就喜歡集中投資。巴老的導(dǎo)師格雷厄姆其實是一個分散投資者,而巴菲特從另外一個大師費雪那里學(xué)來的集中投資理念。他自己都說他是“85%的格雷厄姆加15%的費雪”。
轉(zhuǎn)過頭來,大師就是大師,大師和咱們是不一樣的。
當他成為大師的時候,他不會再按照所謂的套路來出招。可咱們呢?李昌鎬不走定式,咱們也不學(xué)定式嗎?咱們必須承認咱們是巴老說的“無知者”,那巴老說的也很清楚“分散投資是無知者的自我保護法”
下面是巴老信件的原文部分,這三段是連續(xù)的,我沒有刪節(jié)一個字母。
BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC. Annual report 1993
Of course, some investment strategies - for instance, our efforts in arbitrage over the years - require wide diversification. If significant risk exists in a single transaction, overall risk should be reduced by making that purchase one of many mutually-independent commitments. Thus, you may consciously purchase a risky investment - one that indeed has a significant possibility of causing loss or injury - if you believe that your gain, weighted for probabilities, considerably exceeds your loss, comparably weighted, and if you can commit to a number of similar, but unrelated opportunities. Most venture capitalists employ this strategy. Should you choose to pursue this course, you should
adopt the outlook of the casino that owns a roulette wheel, which will want to see lots of action because it is favored by probabilities, but will refuse to accept a single, huge bet.
Another situation requiring wide diversification occurs when an investor who does not understand the economics of specific businesses nevertheless believes it in his interest to be a long-term owner of American industry. That investor should both own a large number of equities and space out his purchases. By periodically investing in an index fund, for example, the know-nothing investor can actually out-perform most investment
professionals. Paradoxically, when "dumb" money acknowledges its limitations, it ceases to be dumb.
On the other hand, if you are a know- investor, able to understand business economics and to find five to ten sensibly-priced companies that possess important long-term competitive advantages, conventional diversification makes no sense for you.
It is apt simply to hurt your results and increase your risk. I cannot understand why an investor of that sort elects to put money into a business that is his 20th favorite rather than simply adding that money to his top choices - the businesses he understands best and that present the least risk, along with the greatest profit potential.
本文發(fā)表于2007-01-18。